Research methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research methodology - Essay Example It will be argued in the following that this is the guiding thread for his critique of religion. His critique of religion, it will be argued is a critique of metaphysics. His aim in the critique is to refute the idea that history is marked by spiritual progress, and in turn, replace this with a progress defined by a 'class struggle', and in particular, the material relations surrounding the means of production. Thus, the relationship between his critique of religion and his political economy, is the replacement of spiritual progress with that of the class struggle. Concerning the issue of research methodology, the following analysis will pay careful attention to what is employed by Marx. His approach on this issue, includes textual interpretation. That is, he provides analysis of key texts like the philosopher, Georg Hegel. Second, his methodology in the following is historical interpretation. In particular, he focuses on economic history but also social history. â€Å"The German Id eology† is his most decisive criticism of religion. ... Thus, the reformation can be regarded as a change of consciousness that emancipates the individual consciousness from the determination of the consciousness by the church. In turn, this change of consciousness or of thinking, helps to shape and change history itself. By contrast, Marx outlines the material conditions which determine the social relations manifest in any given culture, and further, these material conditions are the cause of forms of consciousness. Consciousness in this sense, includes also the various forms of belief systems which religion consists of. He describes the ‘priority’ of material conditions against consciousness as a determinant for human behavior and of politics, therefore, in the following: â€Å"Men distinguish themselves by consciousness, by religion or anything else you like . . . they . . . distinguish themselves from animals as soon as they begin to produce their means of subsistence . . . by producing their means of subsistence men are indirectly producing their actual material life† [Marx, 1997: 341]. Marx's critique of Hegel is central to his critique of religion. It will therefore require some analysis to demonstrate Marx's 'materialistic' interpretation of history over and against Hegel's spiritual reading of history. Marx views Hegel's philosophy, along with religion, as essentially a â€Å"mystical† position [Marx, 1970, p. 27]. By ‘mystical’, it is implied in terms of an argument which is beyond the bounds of reason, and by ‘reason’, it is implied in the material or physical sense of the term. Or, it is implied in terms of something which can be verified empirically or through sense experience. In other words, and in keeping with what was said above, it can be said that the person which Hegel is describing is

The Conflict Between the Arguments for Determinism and Free

The Conflict Between the Arguments for Determinism and Freedom Essay 1. Discuss the conflict between the arguments for determinism and freedom. Everyone in this world has asked this very old question: Are we humans really free in our willing and choosing, or are we predetermined to be and to do what antecedent â€Å"programmingâ€Å" dictates? We feel great for the things we go correct but we feel guilty and blame ourselves for bad decisions. How can we be sure the existence of freedom exists and not that its just a plain illusion. We also find ourselves in a dilemma we have to sides we have the feeling of being free and on the other side we have a feeling of being etermined to accomplish something. In reality we come to the real human dilemma we are both determined and free; and somehow work around the contradictions until we achieve a viable understanding on how both can be true. We as humans operate on the assumption that human beings can be morally and legally responsible -if our assumption of freedom is false, then life as we live it is a cruel joke founded upon a tragic illusion. We are not what we think we are; life is not what we think it is; the rules of the game are not what we thought. Skinner’s way of thinking, â€Å"freedom is a myth, and a dangerous yth because we have invested the myth and its symbol (â€Å"freedom†) with something close to sacred qualities. Freedom is an emotion that is a conditioned response, conditioned (cause) response. If we can’t explain human choice by cause and effect, then there is no answer. There is no other way to explain human choice. No explanation for what freedom means . By selecting specific causes and (stimuli), desire effects (responses) will result. Sartre is convinced that there is no determinism of any kind . Nothing tells me what to do, I decide; I myself decide, I cannot blame God, or others or y past environment , I am now what I make myself to be, I have to accept the consequences of my own freedom, take the responsibility for my decisions, and face the consequences thereof. Environment influences my freedom. Confuse my freedom with uperconditioning. Sartre claimed that man is condemned to be free. A person is the center of freedom. We exist in a world without guidelines. Nothing = no meaning. We live in two realities objective which is real and the subjective not real. Its choose what I want to be and become- so human meaning is nothing. Meaningful things in life would be: ultural norms, what u was brought out to be, and social norms. But to live means to dream a million dreams and forge ahead to catch the fullness of our being. There is nothing to help us, because the moment we became conscious of what we are, then we became responsible for everything we are and do. Freewill: the human consciousness is not subject to the same casual principles that the scientists assumes to operate in the rest of the physical world. A human is free, absolutely and unconditionally free; â€Å"there is no determinism-man is free, man is freedom†. Sartre: human life is inescapably tragic. Live life without myth: means for an explanation for life, getting through life with the human condition and living with that. This can have self cons to make yourself feel better. Sartre wants us to be accountable for our doings, what we do is our responsibility, we assume the consequences for our doings. He doesn’t want us to loose our freedom. Self deception becomes the center of consciousness that becomes and ties with the egocentric predicament. We have to be authentic in our minds choice becomes ours, our actions our own, and the consequences ours. We see how freedom becomes more of a choice, eterminism as the definition defines it: the assumption or doctrine that every event in the universe has a prior cause and that all effects are at least theoretically predictable in all the causes are known; becomes conflicting with freedom, because freedom as I mentioned is more of a choice, because every choice we make comes with a consequence. Its not predictable as determinisms explains. 3. Discuss Toynbee’s â€Å"organismic interpretation† of history. How is it different from that of Marx and Hegel ?  Arnold Toynbee’s Study of History was a research program where he discovered he meaning of history and of the western civilization. In his study he discovered patterns. Consistent, clear patterns of birth, growth, maturity, decline, disintegration, and death for each and every civilization in the world. To him the patterns were unmistakable, and he tried to study the movements of civilizations without prior doctrinal commitment. He believed that the patterns he was were real, not subjective. He gave labels to the stages of development; a â€Å"primitive society†, â€Å" creative minority†, and the â€Å"dominant minority†. Toynbee’s philosophy of history runs something like this: individuals experience a state f peace and contentment, then disillusionment and suffering, after that comes salvaging of values, then again a period of contentment and peace and the cycle repeats itself again. What Toynbee was saying in general was that people don’t get down to the business of assessing life’s values until their loss compels them to do so. In other words individuals learn by suffering, and only by suffering. But they learn and thereby alter the pattern of their civilization. Friedrich Hegel’s and Karl Marx way of thinking is way different that Toynbee’s history view. Friedrich Hegel stated that the thought process moves in a three beat rhythm that he called the â€Å"dialectic†. It begins with an idea, thesis, then proceeds to develop into its opposite, the anti-thesis; after that the mind sees the relatedness of the thesis and the antithesis and weaves them together into a synthesis. This synthesis, in turn, become another thesis, and so the dialectic repeats itself. The dialectic effects comprehension of the connections of the content of thought. Hegel was quite sure that that was the way Gods mind works. He said that God is pure thought or in his own words the Absolute Mind. He is no love or compassion, just pure thought. The Absolute Mind of God manifests reason through the human mind and therefore in human history. He mentioned that whenever people think and act more rationally, they are actualizing God’s will, and this progressive manifestation of logic is the theological purpose underlying human history. Human kind is a crucial part of the program, that man was becoming more reasonable. All of this would end in a state that Hegel described as â€Å"pure thought thinking about pure thought† or in other worlds Absolute mind contemplating itself. Karl Marx as one of Hegel’s students but as other students found the whole Absolute Mind thing was just dispassionate. He believed in Hegel’s â€Å"dialectic† and he believed it was real. But Marx saw it more as a â€Å"materialistic dialectic† an in his vision is was a dialectic of social struggle determined by man’s economic needs. Class struggle creates the three-beat rhythm. Marx interpretation is contrast to Hegel’s theistic dialectic. All Marxists know that history has purpose; it follows â€Å"inexorable law† toward a goal-the classless society where equality, justice, and plenty will prevail. Each individual is a part of history’s drama.

Computers in the Mathematics Classroom :: Math Technology Education

?Calculators and computers are reshaping the mathematical landscape, and school mathematics should reflect those changes? (NCTM 24). My view of mathematics and geometry is that they go hand in hand. You have to know some algebraic procedures in order to be able to perform geometry problems. I never enjoyed Geometry in high school but now that I see it in a different prospective using GSP I really understand and enjoy it. I think that Geometry should be taught with software so the students can work with it hand in hand with the teacher and other students. Looking from the teacher prospective it would be easier to describe various concepts. To learn geometry means to know how to perform geometric problems and understand the process. I also think that a person should know various ways to perform geometry including the use of a calculator and Geometry Sketch Pad. One expectation of Geometry according the NCTM Standards is to ?draw and construct representations of twoand three-dimensional geometric objects using a variety of tools? (308). By using GSP the process is easier to follow 2 then just using a pencil and paper approach. Now don?t get me wrong using pencil and paper to draw various geometry objects is ways to have the student learn express relational understanding. Geometry Sketch Pad gives the user the option of reversing the steps to see were you started which could help to remember the process which is even more of a relational understanding. The user can also save his or her work for the future and the teacher is also able to see what the student?s train of thought. We need to use Dynamic Geometry Software in our teaching and learning so we can see and play with problems presented. By teaching with the use of Geometry Sketch Pad the teacher has the capabilities to teach outside of the book. It causes students to learn in a more relational way as apposed to instrumental (How Should Mathematics Be Taught?). By learning with the use of Geometry Sketch Pad a person is able to save their work for later reflections and they are able to learn a process. The capabilities of GSP are vast. The teacher and the learner both can benefit significantly through the use of GSP. I only foresee a little difference between the use of Dynamic Geometry Software in High school and in middle 3 school. I think at the high school level is where teachers

Emotional Hinderance :: essays research papers

Emotional Hinderance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"You must put your emotions into your work† is a phrase often heard in life. It proposes that emotions, which are often ignored, are a key to success. This holds true in many regards, however there are times when emotion should be restricted in swaying one’s thoughts. The pursuit of knowledge is to be completely objective. Thus, although emotional intelligence is necessary, it is more of a hindrance than a help, and should be controlled.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since knowledge is justified true belief, it follows that the justification must be logical and true in itself. It must also be accurate, but broad. Emotional intelligence goes against this by treating subjective feelings as fact. Because the chain of logic is only as strong as its weakest link, knowledge built strongly with emotional intelligence can often turn out to be incorrect. Take, for example, an individual studying the disposition of dogs. If this individual had a traumatic childhood experience involving a dog (an attack, for example), this snippet of emotion will always taint the individual’s research, even if the circumstances are unrelated (the childhood dog may have been rabid).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emotional intelligence is very important, however, in living life. That is why we evolved it. Revisiting the aforementioned dog and disregarding rabies, it is possible that there is something about this individual that entices hostility in canines. Although this says nothing about dogs, the childhood experience conditions the individual to avoid dogs in the future. This gives the person a greater chance of living longer, and procreating, the innate goal of man. Emotional intelligence is very important, however it is primarily for survival in everyday life. The pursuit of knowledge, however, is not an everyday event required for survival. It is part of a deep thinking about life, reserved for philosophers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is no question that emotional intelligence is required in the pursuit of knowledge. Without any emotional attachment, there would be no pursuit of knowledge, in the first place. Some may argue that emotional intelligence helps to guide us in the pursuit of knowledge. This notion is not logical in that it is subjective, itself. How are we to know whether or not we are being guided correctly? As illustrated earlier, just because something â€Å"feels† correct does not mean that it is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Things that can be discovered through emotional intelligence can also be found objectively. Using emotional intelligence, one can infer that sugar is good for the human body because it gives the consumer pleasure.

External and Internal Environmental Analysis Essay

External and internal environmental analysis is a critical component for an organization seeking to achieve its goals. The follow information within this paper presents a complete external environmental and an internal competitive environmental scan for JetBlue Airways. The information provided identifies and analyzes the most important external environmental factor in the remote, industry, and external operating environments. When addressing external environment it speaks to a set of forces and conditions outside the organization that can influence its performance. The most common forces include political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal (or PESTEL). The paper will further identify and analyze the key internal strengths and weaknesses of JetBlue Airways. When addressing the internal environment it speaks to the key factors and forces within the organization affecting its operation. The internal strength and weaknesses will cover an assessment of the JetBlue Airway’s resources, their competitive position and possibilities within. Lastly the following will analyze the structure of JetBlue and how this affects organizational performance. External Environmental Factors For JetBlue external environmental factors cover political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal. The most important external environmental factors in the remote, industry, and external operating environment of JetBlue can be expanded through opportunities and threats. Opportunities encompass expansion, such as increasing routes and destinations within the U.S. Global expansion falls within expansion as well, while JetBlue has many successful partnerships with international airlines there is further potential abroad. Threats include fuel costs, advanced technology, and government relations. Fuel costs and advanced technology are almost synonymous. The increasing price of fuel in turn  increases operational costs. Advanced technology is a key factor in this space as well given new planes for example, have the technology to utilize less fuel in flight. Governmental regulations and legalities are another key threat for JetBlue. Airline regulations can increase expenses and potentially create inefficiency in operations in order to meet regulation requirements. Additionally, restrictions related to international trade, tax policy, and competition can thwart expansion efforts. Internal Strengths and Weaknesses JetBlue is a pro at utilizing its resources and structure. As such, JetBlue has proven to be efficient in its internal environment. Out of the physical and human aspects of the internal environment JetBlue focuses on human as the key factor. JetBlue views its employees and their skills as the key to a successful structure by emphasizing elements of loyalty, satisfaction, service quality, productivity, capability, and output quality. JetBlue reflects a culture of employees that understand how to retain customers and can perform under various situations with an equally varied consumer base. In addition to human capital, JetBlue uses physical assets to set them apart from the rest. The airline fleet of JetBlue is very precisely selected. From its new Airbus A321 to its Airbus 320, JetBlue prides itself on comfort and luxury. Other perks offered by JetBlue include lower priced airfare compared to that of its competitors and in-flight entertainment options that succeed its competition. Internal weaknesses include a smaller base of destinations compared to its competitors, which could be viewed as a product of their smaller planes and perhaps weaker brand recognition given its newness in the airline market. The weakness can be strengthened with expanding their location/market base. Competitive Position Major players in the U.S. airline industry include Delta Air Lines, United Continental, American Airlines, Southwest Airlines, and JetBlue Airways. In 2013 many consolidations reduced the number of top players, such as U.S. Airways with American West, Northwest with Delta, United with Continental, AirTrans with Southwest, and American with U.S. Airways. Those carries, including JetBlue and Alaska, account for more than 90% of the U.S. market share (Cederholm, 2013). With the number of competitors in times of low or  moderate industry growth, the competition increases as each one tries to woo the consumer base. JetBlue is still the new kid so it is hard to say if its resources are inimitable. JetBlue’s low cost operations are interrelated to other activities in the organization like human resource management and technology development. If JetBlue were to reinforce competencies, with its efficient low-cost operations, it can find a sustainable competitive advantage making it a non-imitable organization. JetBlue’s competitive advantage is built off of differentiation and cost leadership. Differentiation comes with a strong brand image. JetBlue provides this image through its customer service and various in-flight features such as increased legroom and entertainment options per seat. JetBlue achieves cost leadership through efficient operations. JetBlue’s new planes minimize fuel costs and increases revenue per flight. Not offering in flight meals allows for quick turnarounds and overall reduced costs. The differentiation strategy and its features do risk ease of imitation or differentiate ones brand past the point of consumer support. If JetBlue continues to employ a combination of these strategies it will have an increased approach in outperforming its rivals. Superior performance will come through combined low-cost services with a differentiated offering as JetBlue does. As JetBlue moves onward, the extent to which it can maintain the integration of low-cost and differentiation will determine whether its competitive advantage is sustainable. Structure The structure of JetBlue is likely very simple compared to its counterparts. The highest of quality in customer service, one style of plane, a focus on environment, all this reflects its culture. With the human aspect being their highest priority they put a lot of thought into how they hire, train, set expectations, and monitor their employee base. JetBlue trains employees, provides compensation (likely more giving than the competitors), and equally provides empowerment among its employee base. JetBlue Airways seeks to hire and train great people (human focus), develop purpose, vision, and values. JetBlue operates on a strong organizational culture, where one listens to its customers and employees, cultivates leadership, and provided incentive. Summary The airline industry is exposed to upturns and downturns with economy trends. With that a growing economy creates a greater demand for air travel, whereas a decrease in the economy means reduced demand and intensified competition. JetBlue has managed to maintain a quality brand as a newer airline, in the face of some significant challenges, such as the tragedy of 9/11. JetBlue Airways new planes, competitively low fares, non-unionized labor, thus far an effective business model, and strong emphasis on the human element, it remains to provide a foothold in them market as a solid competitor regardless of its external threats and internal weaknesses. References Cederholm, T. (2013, September 3). Overview: External factors that influence the airline industry. Retrieved May 31, 2015, from http://marketrealist.com/2014/09/must-know-external-factors-influencing-airline-industry/ JetBlue | Airline Tickets, Flights, and Airfare. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2015, from http://www.jetblue.com

Thorntons Plc Essay Example

Thorntons Plc Essay Example Thorntons Plc Paper Thorntons Plc Paper Thorntons PLC is the UKs largest manufacturer and retailer of specialist chocolates. The company had followed a strategy of in-house manufacture and retailing largely through the companys own shops and to a lesser extent through franchising. This case also describes the companys attempts at Diversification into the US and European markets. Thorntons outline four strategic priorities1 for the business: Driving like-for-like sales and margins Refocusing and reducing strategic initiatives Creating efficient organizational processes Increasing measurability and incentives These priorities were designed to achieve two objectives. Firstly, to stabilize companys performance by delivering positive like-for-like sales and returning to profit growth. Secondly, to put in place the organizational infrastructure provides a firm and robust platform for future growth. PESTLE Analysis Economic High rate of Interest in French economy and devaluation of sterling made huge loses. Downturn of profits due to seasonal demand only on some special events. Social Seasonal events like Christmas, Valentines Day, Mothers Day, and New Year accounted for a further 25 per cent of sales. Technological Installation of EPOS (Electronic-point-of-sale) tills in the shops. E-commerce/mail orders systems New tills system. Environmental Due to Hot weather conditions, the demand of chocolate goes down. Thorntons began to develop sales outside the UK and company decided the US market could offer the best vehicle for expansion. Thorntons believed that there was scope in the UK for further expansion and also the venture into US showing little prospects of profit. But these prospects of Thorntons unfortunately closed. There was an attempt by Thorntons to enter the European market which proved losses for the company. In French market, customer needs, tastes and preferences are different from UK needs, tastes and preferences. There was a market differences between these two countries. The sales and tastes were divided by Thorntons in two: First, UK sales are divided as 80 per cent chocolate and 17 per cent toffee. Second, the French market divided equally between chocolate (with the French consumer preferring bitter chocolate)2, Ice-cream and sugared confectionery. But this divergence of taste brought Thorntons into loses as caused by high French interest rates, downturn in the French economy and the deflation of sterling. Thorntons has divided their sales into UK and French and differences in tastes and preferences. They adopted a short term strategy which indicates less economies of scale as in components of Thorntons. Thorntons suffering loses due to various negative factors such as- Seasonal demand and low production of chocolates. As Thorntons has 1 per cent of daily confectionery market and 6 per cent of confectionery gift market3. So the sales are depends on seasonal events. Difficult to maintain standards in franchisees as customers feel uneasy while shopping for chocolates. Hot weather leading to loses for Thorntons. Differences in working culture makes hard for the company to operate. Thorntons primarily compete in the boxed chocolate market where their continental brand has a 6 per cent share and other players such as Cadburys roses; the leading brand has 15 per cent4. As a retailer dedicated to specialist confectionery, the company has no super markets such as ASDA, Sainsbury, and M S to whom Thorntons is a supplier. Product quality is based on unique product recipes and the use of high quality material (the companys truffle curtains Moet ET Chandon!)5. The chocolate industry is n maturity stage of the life cycle. Within this view Thorntons in-house manufacturing and retailing strategy appears to have a number of benefits in meeting competitive forces. However, Competitive rivalry is not very high because Thorntons main product is made up of hand-finished which distinguish it from its competitors. Thorntons is the largest UK manufacturer of premium chocolate, a product that involves chocolate enrobing rather than the moulding process required by more mass market chocolates. Where the costs were comparatively higher, they often included discretionary aspects that resulted in enhanced product characteristics for those where there was no concern for the retention of knowledge. Competitors can sell chocolates not only in retails and franchisees but also on E-commerce/mail order and Internet. Thorntons shops are developed to achieve Differentiation. Product quality is based on unique product recipes and the use of high quality material. Overall, the threat of entrants is not high but moderate as production cost is high and also Entrants needs experience. Consumers rather than buying solid or boxed chocolates there are many other substitutes available in the chocolate market such as, Cadbury drinking chocolate, Rice milk, Juices, Cakes, Ice creams, bar chocolates. The Threats of substitutes is very high as varieties of substitutes are available in the market. There is a concentration of buyers particularly the volume purchases from the buyers are low. Mostly the purchases is depends upon seasonal events i.e. Christmas, Valentines Day, Easter. Thorntons has large number of suppliers6 such as M S, ASDA and other supermarket stores where Thorntons supply chocolates. Thorntons continually develops the manufacturing aspects of the business, people are often surprised by the amount of hand-finishing involved in the manufacture of Thorntons products. There is not a big threat of backward integration by the buyer. Thorntons supply the best tasting chocolate and confectionery at cheap prices. Thorntons was able to make use of competitive supply market. The company was faced with numerous potential suppliers. Thorntons was reluctant to enter situations where suppliers might achieve power in the relationship or where the leakage of what was regarded as core product knowledge could occur. That is why Thorntons has 70 per cent7 in-house manufacturing and in the area of liquid chocolate, the company was able to follow a buying-in strategy due to the availability of a number of suppliers. Therefore, the power of suppliers is negative. Though Thorntons strategy of vertical integration provides a number of differentiating characteristics, but at the same time avoiding the consequences of market power and value appropriates in product and supply market. Overall, the companys in-house strategy is consistent with the competitive technology and supply context in which the company operates. The specific nature of the manufacturing technology greatly reduces the opportunity for outsourcing from a competitive supply market. The supply alternative is essential to purchase product from other manufacturing companies, a strategy that would erode differentiation.

jbr Essays

jbr Essays jbr Essay jbr Essay Jbr Q1. Advancement in technology and science is perceived to be a progressive endeavor to the humans as it has been consistently growing over the years with the growth and advancement of the human society gaining momentum and growing at a faster rate with every period as perceived using the sigmoid curve. This is indeed true as the ‘s’ curve depicts the path followed by the process of technological advancement indicating the slow pace at which it begun where new discoveries were made in science, either accidental, experimental or through research, and the acceleration in the progress made by the advancement in science and technology over the years. In the initial industrialization stage, the first society to go against mechanization was the Luddites who were against mechanization in textile fields. They would protest and went to the extent of destroying the mechanized looms that replaced the workers in the industries creating joblessness and a lack of income, leading to a change in their way of life. The Neo-Luddites are the modern version of the Luddites. They do not fully oppose technology but insist on the controlled introduction of technology and the importance of understanding the technology before introduction to ensure it does not bring about negative results on humanity. The fears of the anti-technologists are rational as technology if not controlled can lead to joblessness of humans hence changing the social setting of humanity. Sinister technology if not checked can lead to harm especially in times of misunderstanding or war hence technological advancement should be regulated to prevent it harming human existence or r endering them purposeless.

Pacific Oil Company

Pacific Oil Company Back in the days, petrochemical processes were determined by a detailed elaboration of prices known as formula prices, it comprised of several element. The first one being feed stock characteristics; feedstock supply varied in chemical composition.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pacific Oil Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The difference in the feedstock considerably affected the procedures of refining and operating efficiency. A few chemical products were drawn from a chosen feedstock. Increased number of orders necessitated the mixing of combined feedstock together with distinct structural characteristic. Fuel cost was inclusive of price and quantity of energy that the manufacturing corporation expected in cracking, producing a particular steam and refining. Labor cost was part of employees’ salary, to operate the manufacturing with the objective of generating a fixed unit amount of a particular pro duct. Value of petrochemical was determined by the commodity cost, as the demand and supply fluctuated in the market; this factor was again featured in the formula price. The computation of the price formula, as opposed to determining a market price had a list of advantages and disadvantages. It permitted the supplier to surpass expenses charged to buyer; this minimized the risks for the engaged parties, in the case of express fluctuation of prices throughout the period of the contract. When market demands went down, contract guaranteed a wide market to the supplier; however, the price for the product was to some extent unbeneficial in comparison to product cost. When it came to quantity, formula prices were typically computed, their major focus was given to quantity. Costs changed significantly, this was however dependent upon the efficiency of the production taking place. Payments were to be issued in dollars without deduction or discount, except only if noted.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the challenges pacific oil faced in early 1985 with Reliant chemical company were quite a number. Pipelines routine inspection had been subcontracted to a company with quality equipment for monitoring things like leaks. It happened that leaks had been detected in late December prior the year; this extended the effect to early 1985. The executive of the company were out of reach for many days hence the problem could not be solved immediately until a certain period of time. There was a concern with the system of delivery, and the way meter reading was being conducted. Pacific oil built a line and was in charge of maintenance, installation of meters was done towards the outlet of the pipeline, and Reliant was giving metered total to Pacific. According to Zinnser some spot checking at the manufacturing facility indicated that they were not getting all that they were billed for. They later discovered that, the integrity of the meter or the meter reader wasn’t question but, felt that since the pipes had been in existent for years, there was a possibility they had develop leaks. The executive vice president became distressed over the turnout of events. Pacific headed for tremendous destruction. Realizing the techniques of challenging it would be to maintain strong negotiations, a review of the negotiations were done were done on Reliant contract. They also experienced delay when Hauptmann lost his mother; meetings were rescheduled as a result hence, there was a delay. The investigation of pipeline gave no evidence of a considerable discharge. It only traced minor leaks, which did not seem serious. It was impossible to identify the percentage of the product lost in the process. Emotion in negotiation is one of the styles used in the case. Emotions carries the capacity to contribute either positively or negatively in negoti ation.contribute either positive or negative in a negotiation scenario. According to Fisher, and Shapiro (2005) negative emotion at times leads to intense or irrational behavior, resulting to escalation of conflict.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pacific Oil Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is evident in the conversation that takes place between Kelsey and Fontaine as emotions flare an in turn leads to unhealthy and even unnecessary confrontation.Distributive negotiation is another style used; the term distributive basically means giving; or scattering things. Fisher, and Shapiro (2005) further states that there is a limitation in things being distributed; it entails individuals who have never before had an interactive relationship. And there isn’t a likelihood of doing so in the future. In this form we see each individual fighting to have their way; it is appropriate but, requires an extent of limit in order not to regard the other side as an enemy but a partner. According to Shell, R.G. (2006) integrative negotiation means joining several parts and making the whole, this implies some cooperation or teaming up to achieve a common goal. More often than not, trust is of a higher degree in shaping of the relationship. Both parties walking away feeling a sense of achievement, ideally the process has two phases. The process entails value concession, plus creative problem solving. This is the style that is mainly used by Guadin, Hauptmann, and Zinnser in their negotiations. Instead of Kelsey allowing emotions to flare, what he could have recommended to Fontaine were few and simple facts. The reality being that, a supply contract binds legally, it’s a document that only attempts to elaborate on strategies or ways the two companies can work together, and hence it is the foundation of an intricate long term relationship that exists between a seller and a buyer. He could hav e informed of the constant monitoring, discussion and evaluation required by representatives of the organizations.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He could have further recommended that it is possible for the purchaser to meet the conditions of the negotiated contract. This is can be made possible since the purchaser can accept a fair price formula, without attempting to push the supplier to an artificial low price. He is trustworthy pursue an action plan, basing it on sound business ethics as agreed in the contract. The purchaser cannot take advantage of aberrations in the spot market, they will have no choice but accept the reality of a formula price having been negotiated, and both parties agreeing to live up to the negotiated contract over the suggested period of time. Problems encountered in product quality, labor difficulties can result to challenges in manufacturing, unloading and loading, shipping and cleanliness of shipping tools. This can however be explored to mutual satisfaction. Furthermore, change in business projection of both parties can be shared hence; the complexity anticipated by the supplier in producing t he products can be solved. On the other hand the difficulty encountered by buyer in consumption of the product can also lead to amicable solution for both parties. Finally, the ability to solve these problems necessitates mutual trust, open communication and honesty. And most importantly an approach that offers the best solution to both the parties. References Fisher,R. and Shapiro, D (2005) Beyond Reason: Using Emotions as You Negotiate.New York: Penguin Books. Shell, R.G. (2006). Bargaining for advantage. New York: Penguin Books.

Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Outline - Essay Example It is important to focus on this issue as water is the primary necessity in life. Business leaders or managers need to come up with appropriate business strategies in line with cost-effective and affordable water supply for everyone. Regarding this, the research will try to analyze the potential impacts of instituting business-related clean water production in the business organization. Furthermore, this paper aims to substantially forecast probable actions in clean water production in order to keep up healthy business for the private sector while ensuring enough supply of water delivery particularly in the US. A. An average American in 2004 was found to consume maximum of 600 liters per day (Kirby, 2004). This means that the US substantially consumes huge volume of water supply in the whole year while its population at the same time comes to a staggering increase. C. Since then, just prior to climate change, the US tries to increase the supply of drinking water for its increasing population by employing remarkable tie up with private water delivery (Perard, 2009). D. However, the choice between private or public water delivery is not a question of efficiency but on the following components: â€Å"difference of cost of funds, transaction costs of outsourcing, difference of efficiency and potential political cost of privatizing† (Perard, 2009, p.193). E. It is therefore important to analyze water delivery based on the above components in order to critically consider its potential impacts on the business organization and forecast substantial business strategies that could benefit both the public and private business sectors. A. The political setting in the US could be conducive for maximizing private water delivery as the country is highly motivated to maintain order in its water resources management such as in the case of water resources in Arizona (Bolin, Collins & Darby, 2008). Bolin, B., Collins, T., & Darby, K. (2008). Fate of the verde:

Censorship in Cinemas Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words

Censorship in Cinemas - Coursework Example The research brings together practical evidence by way of scholarly theory and the popular press to support some of these arguments and to determine whether it is a necessary element within society in its broadest context. 'Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers' - Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 19. 'The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary.' (O'Byrne, 2003: 106-112) So it appears that freedom of expression is not without its limits and is still subject to censorship in terms of what is considered beneficial to the greater good of communities. Censorship can, in its broadest sense, be defined as the suppression of knowledge or ideas. It is often enforced by governments or authoritative organisations to prevent certain types of explicit material from being circulated. This study is focusing particularly on the nature of film censorship which can be judged in relation to language that is used, the plot or the subject matter and is applied in accordance with protecting children, minority groups or vulnerable individuals from exposure to unnecessary emotional trauma. In Britain, film censorship has been active since the turn of the last century and is now overseen by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) which classifies films and certifies them accordingly for public viewing. In the United States censorship emerged in the late 1920's with the development of talking pictures. The Hays Code of film classification was adopted in 1934 'to control the depiction of religious groups, foreign countries, foreigners, sexual and criminal activity and other repellent subjects.' (Sourced from: http://www.talkingpix.co.uk/ArticleCensorship.html, Date accessed, 18/02/09) Later on, in 1968 a classification system was established that all Hollywood movies recognise on a voluntary basis and which is governed by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). The UK shares many of the same censorship and classification strategies as that of the United States. The only legally acknowledged censorship bodies in the UK are the local authorities; with 'obs cenity' listed as the prime protagonist for ensuring film censorship is sustained. The British Board of Film Classification argues that classification is largely upheld in accordance with protecting children. (Kochberg, 2007) Their current guidelines identify a number of areas of concern which are addressed and considered in

Organisation Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Organisation Behaviour - Essay Example Without doubt, employees form the most critical resource in any organisation. Leaders are faced with the compulsion of managing human resource effectively in promoting the goals of the organisation. Leaders who appreciate the diversity in personalities exhibited by different employees cannot achieve this. There is a salient need for leaders to gain familiarity with different personality types by understanding their common trait preferences, strengths, and weaknesses. With such an understanding and appreciation, a leader can choose the effective management styles for employees with different personality types. In addition, the modern workplace exhibits a high level of diversity in terms of cultures. Therefore, leaders have to prove competency in managing people of different cultures. Since employees do not exhibit similar levels of performance, it is critical for a leader to be able to handle employees of varying capacities. This paper will discuss how a leader can prove to be compete nt when dealing with different types of employees. In order to manage type A personalities effectively, leaders should make efforts to understand their specific personality traits. Moreover, it is important to establish what they value most in their lives and things that they consider as priorities. Type A individuals are a unique set of personalities who are characterized by obsession with work and competitiveness. They exhibit a competitive spirit in everything that they indulge in. They are individuals who are determined to emerge as the best. They are unlikely to settle for less and prove to be extremely ambitious. Their ambition is what leads to an ardent obsession with work. They exhibit concern for meeting stringent deadlines and have a sense of urgency that defines their entire lives (Hanif & Sarwat 2011, p. 93). Usually, their sense of urgency may lead them to exhibit a high level of impatience, especially when things do not happen at the pace they want. Their impatience

Developments in Pakistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Developments in Pakistan - Essay Example The rulers and administrators of Pakistan had a tough task in dealing with the internal squabbles and maintaining the law and order situation. Pakistan shot into international fame, not because of its achievements in the economic field, but for its terrorist leanings. Whether it supports the international terrorism or not, is a highly debatable question even today. Its leadership asserts that it does not, but India and America strongly believe that it does! The developments in Iraq, the 9/11 terrorist attacks that rattled America in the year 2001,and the subsequent rise in global terrorism, whose base is in Afghanistan and the border districts of Pakistan, has brought this country to the international scene. Due to Americas close alliance with Pakistan for strategic reasons, this country is always in the limelight for one reason for the other, during the last decade. It emerged out of isolation and is a newsworthy country in the international press. â€Å" In October 1999, Pakistanà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Chief of Army Staff Gen. Pervez Musharraf replaced Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in a bloodless coup. Following the military overthrow of an elected government, Islamabad faced considerable international opprobrium and was subjected to automatic coup-related U.S. sanctions. The September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States and Musharraf’s ensuing withdrawal of support for the Afghan Taliban regime, however,had the effect of greatly reducing Pakistan’s international isolation.†(PDF-Pakistans....) From the point of view of policy declarations, USA avers that Pakistan is a vital ally in the international anti-terrorism coalition. USA is fully aware of the shortcomings and limitations of functioning of the Pakistans political leadership, where religious fanaticism rules the roost. USA wishes to lend a helping hand in strengthening

Business 1800 2day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business 1800 2day - Essay Example This paper will also highlight the lessons learned by the furniture retailers. The paper is broken down into introduction, body, conclusions, recommendations, references and recommendations. On the other hand, consumer behavior involves one’s decisions with respect to acquirement, consumption, and disposition of activities, goods and services, experiences and ideas, and people by decision-making elements (Hoyer, and Macinnis, 2008:3). In relation to consumer behavior, decision-making involves choosing to achieve the best good, service, activity, or experiences. Bradford family really had a hard moment in terms of decision-making. They wanted to get themselves the best home, with enough accommodation for their growing family future. They were highly challenged due to lack of capital and neither of them; either the husband or the wife was able to decide the best way to work out the problem. In my opinion, I feel the only way Mr. and Mrs. Bradford was to first postpone the purcha se of the new home in order to allow accumulation of enough capital just for several months or years, then purchase all what they needed in their new home after getting enough funds with them. This decision through delaying would result to realization of more accumulated funds, enough for the said purchase. Family decision-making Family decision-making involves a series of domestic discussions at family level, to achieve common ideas that are to do with whole-family life, in contrast to ideas concerned with individual family members. These decisions normally affect several people or members of the family (Butler, Robinson, and Scanlan, 2005: 8). In our case, the Bradford’s family intents to move from a two bedroom flat that has no garden, to a three-bedroom house, which possibly has a small garden. Bradford family's planned move was because they had a son and therefore they needed more space for their growing family. This being their first time to buy a home, Bradford visited IKEA to survey what they can afford. The decision implementation needed millions of dollars to be accomplished, but the budget does not allow Mr. and Mrs. Bradford to make rental payments, purchase furniture for their new home and more, the living area for entertaining their friends (visitors). This has actually created a decision-making. In my opinion, the Bradford postponed the purchase of the new home to first accumulate money for several months or years due to shortage of capital. Taking a tour in the theoretical foundations in decision-making, there are three typical risk measures on which consequent decision-making is based on. These risk measures include; individual risk, societal risk, and specific adverse risk (Kizine, 2004: 2). Each alternative in decision-making has an array of consequences and therefore, the decision maker runs to pick the best out of the set. One of the theories of decision-making, the â€Å"Gardenfors-Sahlin’s decision-making theory† urg es that the quantity and quality of decision-makers’ information relating to possible outcomes and states of the decision situation in most cases is a vital factor when making the decision. This is because the decision situation or state has different degrees of epistemic reliability. The

Developments in Pakistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Developments in Pakistan - Essay Example The rulers and administrators of Pakistan had a tough task in dealing with the internal squabbles and maintaining the law and order situation. Pakistan shot into international fame, not because of its achievements in the economic field, but for its terrorist leanings. Whether it supports the international terrorism or not, is a highly debatable question even today. Its leadership asserts that it does not, but India and America strongly believe that it does! The developments in Iraq, the 9/11 terrorist attacks that rattled America in the year 2001,and the subsequent rise in global terrorism, whose base is in Afghanistan and the border districts of Pakistan, has brought this country to the international scene. Due to Americas close alliance with Pakistan for strategic reasons, this country is always in the limelight for one reason for the other, during the last decade. It emerged out of isolation and is a newsworthy country in the international press. â€Å" In October 1999, Pakistanà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Chief of Army Staff Gen. Pervez Musharraf replaced Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in a bloodless coup. Following the military overthrow of an elected government, Islamabad faced considerable international opprobrium and was subjected to automatic coup-related U.S. sanctions. The September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States and Musharraf’s ensuing withdrawal of support for the Afghan Taliban regime, however,had the effect of greatly reducing Pakistan’s international isolation.†(PDF-Pakistans....) From the point of view of policy declarations, USA avers that Pakistan is a vital ally in the international anti-terrorism coalition. USA is fully aware of the shortcomings and limitations of functioning of the Pakistans political leadership, where religious fanaticism rules the roost. USA wishes to lend a helping hand in strengthening

The Situation of African Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Israel Essay

The Situation of African Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Israel - Essay Example This was the first of a series of acts that displayed Israel’s opposition to further entry.   At the end of the year, a violent dispersal of a demonstration by Sudanese asylum seekers in Egypt, in which dozens were killed, resulted into an increase of refugee entry into Israel.   The country responded by reviving and enforcing a 50’s law, the Prevention of Infiltration Law in the early part of 2006.   A wave of arrests followed shortly, putting many Sudanese asylum seekers behind bars without the benefit of a quasi-judicial review.   Since then, all those arrested under the Prevention of Infiltration have been held in the Ketsiot prison without their cases heard. Several NGO’s had petitioned the High Court of Justice to put a stop on the use of such law by Israeli authorities.   The following years saw more attempts of refugees to enter Israel via the border with Egypt. With the state’s strict enforcement of the Prevention of Infiltration Law, re fugees were systematically arrested.   Many were forcibly sent back to Egypt under a process called ‘hot return’.   The refugees only experienced worse human rights abuses in the hands of the Egyptian authorities.   Several sympathetic local governments with the help of NGOs briefly accommodated those that remained, specially the Eritreans.   However, in 2007, the Ministry of Interior implemented measures took away the rights of the refugees and asylum seekers in getting employment.   Many were still tracked for ‘hot return’ and were temporarily detained while waiting to be sent forcibly .  

A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen Essay Example for Free

A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen Essay A Dolls House is the most famous work of Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen. It has been staged throughout the world since way back until now, one and a half century later. However, few plays have had a similar impact globally on social norms and conditions (UNESCO, 2008). Ibsen introduces a play that is adequate in all aspects, much as it is intriguing in his time. It is a play of depth, gravity, and social relevance that it extends its importance and application even in the present society. This play tackles the life of middle class people in Ibsens time and how their lives are heavily affected when they encounter various crises. However, much as it is about families, it highlights the struggles of women and their sacrifices in creating harmony and stability in the home at the expense of their own personal, physical, and emotional well-being. A Dolls House criticises the traditional roles of men and women in 19th-century marriage (Shapiro, 99). During this era, this was considered quite scandalous in the European countries because of the great value that they put on marriage. This play was met with a lot of criticisms but was eventually accepted as it simulated real-life occurrences that are experienced by a lot of women. The theme dwells highly on the sacrificial role of women in the different classes of society. Since a number of the characters are women with their own stories to tell, the play was at one point or another considered as a feminist play. The theme was highlighted in the play with the introduction of these various women and their circumstances. For instance, the nanny in the play had her own share of sacrifice when she has to leave her own household to be a caretaker in the house of Nora and Torvald. This is an act of love by a mother to provide better means for her own child. Another character who has impacted the play was Mrs. Linde who had to give up Krogstad despite her love for him. This was sacrificial of her happiness because she opted on marrying a richer man as society may have forced her to do. The most influential character and protagonist in the story is Nora, who in her lifetime, experieneced a lot of hardships and sacrifices in pleasing her husband as well as her father. It was a series of hardships for her because of the fact that society dictated Torvald to be the dominant partner and she has to be a slave to his every whim. She was like a puppet on strings that should never fail to beguile, charm and entertain her husband as well as be like a trophy for him. She even has to be deathly afraid of the possibility that he may know of the loan despite the fact that it was for his sake. To quote Nora, â€Å"I have been performing tricks for you, Torvald. That’s how I’ve survived. You wanted it like that. You and Papa have done me a great wrong. It’s because of you I’ve made nothing of my life. † This is somehow a summary of how she was made to feel like a childish, innocent woman, when in fact, she is just as intelligent and capable as they thought she was. The moods of the play ranged from light to heavy as different secrets and stories unfold. This moods are highlighted by focusing on different scenes that contribute to the understanding of the story. For example, the lighter moods such as Torvald calling Nora using affectionate names highlights the theme in a way that it expresses Noras dependence on Torvald as well as her helplessness. Another notable aspect in the stage direction of the play is the use of the scene of the porter in the opening and Noras and Torvalds discussion of money. This also puts the spotlight on money being one of the forces that creates the conflict in the play. As the scenes progress, some aspects of the play contribute to the progression of the theme like the scene where Nora still practiced her routine despite her nervousness on the impending confrontation about the loan. This simply shows how she is experiencing extreme anxiety but still refuses to give in to the fear and prefer to still please her husband. This also highlights the title as it is symbolic of the characteristics of dolls. It reiterates the idea that as a doll, Nora should only work on being pleasing to her husband and never grow or improve. Another inclusion, such as Nora eating maccaroons even if Torvald forbids it, is quite satirical but is also symbolic of Noras realization that she should take a stand sometimes. â€Å"As to symbolism, [Ibsen] says that life is full of it, and therefore his plays are full of it, though critics insist on discovering all sorts of esoteric meanings in his work of which he is entirely innocent (Metheun, 1991. † As to symbolisms, the use of the christmas tree in the play is very important as it embodies the character of Nora as a decorative element in the house. It reduces to her being just a plaything for Torvald and nothing more. This parallel observation was even highlighted in the second act as the christmas tree was decsribed as being â€Å"dishevelled† which is also the start of Noras questions and self instrospection. Another symbolic part of the play is the use of the New Year. Being a festive event, it also is a symbol for newer things and beginnings. For Torvald, it was supposed to be the start of his new post in his job and the end to the loan that Nora is paying. However, the New Year proved to be something more than that. It was a start of conflicts and realizations that the married couple must face as they embark on a challenge on their marriage due to the radical decision that Nora has made. A Doll House is a play that is definitely noteworthy because of its timelessness. The scocial relevance that it carries with it encompasses centuries as they are still obervable today. Society is definitely of patriarchal design and tends to be very critical of women and their actuations as well as their rights in the way of life. In the past, this was very much evident in almost a worldwide scale. Today, it is slowly improving as women are now open to doing more things for their self-improvement as the previously did. This play is not only releveant as it showcases the life of women in the 19th century, but it also serves as an inspiration and a mark in the timeline of how women have gone from being dolls in the household to being independent and strong in real life. Works Cited Shapiro, Ann R. The slammed door that still reverberates. in Fisher, Jerilyn; Silber, Ellen S. Women in literature: reading through the lens of gender. Westport, CT: Greenwood. pp. 99–101. ISBN9780313313462. Henrik Ibsen: A Dolls House. UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. 16 May 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2009.

Unexpected Halide Transfer: Aluminium and the Lanthanoids

Unexpected Halide Transfer: Aluminium and the Lanthanoids Unexpected Halide Transfer: Complex Reorganisation Between Aluminium and the Lanthanoids. Glen B. Deacon, David J. Evans and Peter C. Junk.* This submission was created using the RSC Communication Template (DO NOT DELETE THIS TEXT) (LINE INCLUDED FOR SPACING ONLY DO NOT DELETE THIS TEXT) [Pr(MeCN)9][AlCl4]3.MeCN undergoes reorganisation upon the addition of an ether. In the case of recrystallisation from tetrahydrofuran, the ionic nature is lost, whereas the addition of crown ether gives reorganisation, whilst maintaining ionic character. Isolation of homoleptic ionic trivalent lanthanoid complexes, under non aqueous conditions, has been investigated using nitrogen based ligand systems 1-5. The interest surrounding these homoleptic complexes is attributed to their potential catalytic properties 3,5. Under non aqueous conditions, the use of highly labile ligands, such as solvent molecules, presents the possibility of exposing the metal centre, hence providing a site for catalysis and thus can be considered to be ‘near naked 3. Complexes involving Ln3+ ions, that can be considered ‘near naked’ have to date been restricted to complexes such as [Ln(MeCN)n]3+ , with anions such as AsF6 and AlCl4 3-5. With this in mind, we have investigated the ability to access homoleptic ‘near naked’ Ln3+ complexes with tetrahydrofuran (thf) ligands. Currently, no such complexes have been reported for the smaller trivalent species unlike the larger divalent species, for which there is precedent viz. [Sm(thf)7][BPh4]2 6. Exploitation of the coordination abilities of crown ether has been investigated with the isolation of [ScCl2(18-crown-6)][FeCl4]. Via Sc n.m.r it has been shown that [ScCl(thf)(18-crown-6)][FeCl4]2 and then subsequently [Sc(thf)2(18-crown-6)][FeCl4]3 can be synthesised even though it has not been structurally characterised. With this in mind it should therefore be possible to isolate similar adducts in MeCN. Results and Discussion Homoleptic acetonitrile Ln3+ complexes can be obtained via two pathways viz equations 1 and 2 3. It was our intention to extend this chemistry to involve homoleptic Ln3+ complexes with ether ligands in place of MeCN. In reactions analogous to equations 1 and 2 with thf in place of MeCN, we found to our surprise [LnCl3(thf)2]n (Ln = Pr, Nd) was the sole Ln complex isolatable. This suggests that the complex is formed by a concerted process whereby AlCl4 binds to Ln3+ releasing AlCl3, allowing binding of another AlCl4 and so on until complete halide transfer to Ln3+ occurs yielding LnCl3(thf)n (equations 3, 4). Similarly, addition of 18-crown-6 to [Pr(MeCN)9][AlCl4]3 resulted in reorganisation to [(PrCl(à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬â€œCl)(18-crown-6))2][AlCl4]2.2(MeCN) (1) † . Isolation of 1 illustrates there is an equilibrium in solution involving [Pr(MeCN)9][AlCl4]3.(MeCN). Conductivity measurements show a 1:3 electrolyte 7.This is in contrast to that previously reported for the Sm complex by Hu and supported by Bà ¼nzli for which a 1:2 is electrolyte is reported 4,8. We believe that the complex [Ln(MeCN)9][AlCl4]3.(MeCN) undergoes rearrangement in solution ranging from a 1:3 down to a 1:2 electrolyte (equation 5). This change in coordination environment of the lanthanoid metal establishes the pathway to halide transfer involving a transient species related to that shown in Figure 1. Structural motifs similar to this have been observed for several lanthanoid complexes including [Sm(ÃŽÂ ®6-C6Me6)(AlCl4)3] .toluene 9,10. The reaction is completed by the substitution of MeCN by the crown ether and cleavage of the bridging Al–Cl bonds in a similar fashion to that observed for reactions involving thf. Complex 1 has a nine coordinate Pr centre that is bound to all six oxygens of the crown ether. The Pr is also bound to one terminal and a bridging chloride, and dimerises through an inversion centre. There is a distinct change in bond lengths between the terminal (Pr-Clter 2.715(2)Ã…) and bridging chlorides (Pr-Clbr 2.839(2) and 2.858(2)Ã…) as would be expected with similar changes identified in [PrCl(à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­-Cl)(tetraethyleneglycol)]2 11. The distances for Pr-Ocrown range from 2.572(4) 2.590(7)Ã…, following the same trends in the related cation [(DyCl(à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬â€œCl)(dibenzo18-crown-6))2][(DyCl3(à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬â€œCl)(MeCN))2] 12, albeit with a lengthening of Ln-O in line with increased ionic radius between Dy and Pr. The crown ethers adopt a saddle type morphology with the metal residing in almost the centre of the cavity made by the O1, O3, O4, O6 (0.601Ã…) plane and the O2, O5 (0.491Ã…) plane. The crown ether collapses to accommodate the smaller size of the Pr3+ which is evident in the planes derived by the oxygen atoms of the crown. The angle between plane 1 (O1, O2, O5, O6) and plane 2 (O2, O3, O4, O5) is 125.71o showing this slight closure to ensure that the oxygen atoms are all bound. This closure of the crown ether is observed for all the Ln3+ 18-crown-6 complexes in which the angle closes from 129.74o in complex [LaCl3(18-crown-6)] 13 through to 68.95o in [Lu(CH2(SiCH3))2(18-crown-6)][(CH2(SiCH3))B(C6H5)3].C2H4Cl2 14 owing to the reduction in size of the ionic radius of the Ln centre. Notes and references All reactions were carried out under dry nitrogen using dry box and standard Schlenk techniques. Solvents were dried by distillation from sodium wire/benzophenone (thf) or CaH/P2O5 (MeCN). IR and far IR data were obtained as described previously 15. Metal analyses were carried out by complexiometric EDTA titration with the addition of 5% sulphosalicylic acid to mask Al 16. Anhydrous AlCl3, LnCl3, and 18-crown-6 were supplied by Sigma Aldrich. AlCl3 was freshly sublimed prior to use. Conductivity measurements were carried out on a Crison Conductimeter 522 (serial no; 3807), using a locally manufactured air-sensitive cell. The complex [Pr(MeCN)9] [AlCl4]3 was made using previous published methods 3 and conductivity measurements were carried out as mentioned above (367.97 S cm2 mol-1 1.097 x 10-3 mol dm-3, MeCN). 1: Method A: [Pr(MeCN)9][AlCl4]3. MeCN (0.20g, 0.19 mmol) and 18-crown-6 (0.20g, 0.57 mmol), was dissolved in MeCN (30 ml). The solution was stirred and heated to near boiling to assist dissolution. The resulting green solution was then filtered and reduced in-vacuo. The solution was then cooled at -30oC yielding small green crystals. (0.21 g (81%)). m.p. 170oC(dec), C28H54Al2Cl12N2O12Pr2; calcd. Pr 10.27; found Pr 10.68%. I.r absorption (Nujol): cm-1. Unit cell collection confirms the same product as via method A. Method B: A mixture of PrCl3 (0.10 g, 0.40 mmol), AlCl3 (0.16 g, 1.20 mmol) and 18-crown-6 (0.29g, 0.83 mmol), was dissolved in MeCN (30 ml). The solution was stirred and heated to near boiling to assist dissolution. The resulting green solution was then filtered and reduced in-vacuo. The solution was then cooled at -30oC yielding small green crystals. (0.44 g (87%)). m.p. 170oC(dec), C28H54Al2Cl12N2O12Pr2; calcd. Pr 10.27; found Pr 10.42% I.r absorption (Nujol): 2291w, 2253s, 1644w, 1353s, 1291s, 1248s, 1082s, 1034s, 966s, 925w, 878w, 837s, 802w cm-1. 27Al nmr: 104 ppm(AlCl4) † X-ray data for complex 1 was collected on a Nonius Kappa CCD, MoKà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ radiation,à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¬ = 0.71073 Ã…, T = 123(2)K. The structure was solved and refined using the programs SHELXS-97 17 and SHELXL-97 18 respectively. The program X-Seed 19 was used as an interface to the SHELX programs, and to prepare the figures. 1: [(Pr(Cl2)(C12H24O6))2][AlCl4]2.2(C2H3N): C28H54Al2Cl12N2O12Pr2, M = 1371.91, green prismatic, 0.40 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ 0.40 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ 0.30 mm, monoclinic, space group P21/n (No. 14), a = 12.377(3), b = 15.356(3), c = 14.387(3) Ã…,à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ = 107.97(3) °, V = 2601.0(9) Ã…3, Z = 2, Dc = 1.752 g/cm3, F000 = 1360, Nonius Kappa CCD, MoKà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ radiation,à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¬ = 0.71073 Ã…, T = 123(2)K, 2à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ±max = 56.6 º, 20600 reflections collected, 6215 unique (Rint = 0.0864). Final GooF = 1.022, R1 = 0.0478, wR2 = 0.1052, R indices based on 4182 reflections with I >2sigma(I) (refinement on F2), 263 parameters, 0 restraints. Lp and absorption corrections applied,à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­ = 2.551 mm-1. Fig. 2 The structure of the cation [{PrCl(à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­-Cl)(18C6)}2]2+. Hydrogen atoms omitted for clarity. Thermal ellipsoids shown at 35%. Coordination environment of the atom Pr(1) with applicable bond lengths (Ã…) and angles(o). Symmetry transformations used to generate equivalent atoms: -x+1,-y+1,-z+1. Pr(1) O(1), O(2), O(3), O(4), O(5), O(6), Cl(1), Cl(2), Cl(2), 2.572(4), 2.579(4), 2.574(3), 2.590(4), 2.588(4), 2.587(6), 2.715(2), 2.839(2), 2.858(2). Cl(1)-Pr(1)-Cl(2), Cl(2), 144.30(4), 143.18(4), Cl(2) Pr Cl(2),72.52(4). Fig.1 Proposed cation structure observed prior to ether coordination and subsequent cleavage of Al– Cl bonds. 1Evans, W. J.; Rabe, G. W.; Ziller, J. W. Inorg. Chem 1994, 33, 3072-3078. 2Willey, G. R.; Aris, D. R.; Errington, W. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2001, 318, 97-102. 3Deacon, G. B.; Gortler, B.; Junk, P. C.; Lork, E.; Mews, R.; Petersen, J.; Zemva, B. J. Chem. Soc.-Dalton Trans 1998, 3887-3891. 4Hu, J.-Y.; Shen, Q.; Jin, Z.-S. Chinese.Sci.Bull 1990, 35, 1090. 5Shen, Q.; Hu, J.-Y.; Jin, Z.-S.; Sun, J. Zhongguo Xitu Xuebao (J. Chinese Rare Earth Society) 1990, 8, 359. 6Evans, W. J.; Johnston, M. A.; Greci, M. A.; Gummersheimer, T. S.; Ziller, J. W. Polyhedron 2003, 22, 119-126. 7Geary, W. J. J. Coord. Chem. 1971, 7, 81. 8Bunzli, J.-C. G.; Milicic-Tang, A. Inorg. Chim. Acta 1996, 252, 221-228. 9Cotton, F. A.; Schwotzer, W. Organometallics 1987, 6, 1275. 10Cotton, F. A.; Schwotzer, W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 4657. 11Rodgers, R. D.; Henry, R. F. Acta Cryst. Sect. C 1992, 48, 1099. 12Rodgers, R. D.; Rollins, A. N.; Etzenhouser, R. D.; Voss, E. J.; Bauer, C. B. Inorg. Chem 1993, 32, 3451. 13Crisci, G.; Meyer, G. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 1994, 620, 1023-1027. 14Arndt, S.; Spaniol, T. P.; Okauda, J. Chem. Commun. 2002, 896. 15Deacon, G. B.; Feng, T.; Junk, P. C.; Skelton, B. W.; Sobolev, A. N.; White, A. H. Aust. J. Chem. 1998, 51, 75-89. 16Schwarzenbach, G.; Flaschka, H. A. Complexometric titrations; 2nd English ; ed.; Methuen: London,, 1969. 17Sheldrick, G. M. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A 1990, 46, 467. 18Sheldrick, G. M. Shelx97; A program for crystal structure refinement; release 97-2 ed.: Germany, 1997. 19Barbour, L. J. Supramol. Chem 2001, 1, 189. 1

The 3 Horizontally Enhanced Pigs :: essays research papers

The 3 Horizontally Enhanced Pigs Once upon a time there lived three pigs. Together they owned a very popular restaurant, "Pork Boys." Each of the pigs made different burgers for different people. The first pig, Hamm was trying to watch his weight so he made Veggie Burgers. The secound pig named Pork Chop made his burger with special High protein cheese and fat free thousand island dressing. The third pig, Bacon, made the grease burger with three slabs of beef, four pieces of(turkey) bacon, five different cheeses, super fat secret sauce, grease on the side, and your choice of any bun except whole wheat. "Flash!!! This just in. There have been reports of Richard Simons sightings in the area so head for high grounds and hide your oldies cassetes. This is not a test, I repeat not a test." "Hamm, lock the doors!" " I'm on it Bacon." Bamm! Bamm! He was there, Richard Simons pounding on the window, "Let me in folks and together we can get rid of those stormy thunder thighs." "Leader of the Pack." All of the sudden the customers began to dance to the hypnotic music. Hamm tried to fend it (Ricard Simons) off with his Veggie Burger but than he realized that the Burger was not Fatty enough so he to began to dance. Pork Chop in fear of his life lobed his burger into the beasts mouth. " High protien cheese and non-fat dressing can not harm me. Ha, Ha, Ha!" Pork Chop then was thrown into the trance and uncontrolably began to dance the watusi. Is this the end of the line for the pigs? Will the pigs be covered in a blanket of exercise instead of panecake... But wait look over there could it be, yes it is Big Bacon Boy! "Baa Baa Baa," a trumpet sounded in the background. "Ha, Ha Richard it is the end of the line for you. You are not wanted in

Ebola Virus: Symptoms And Effects :: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

1. INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. HISTORY OF VIRUS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. AFRICA, ZAIRE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. 1970   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. SYMPTOMS AND AFFECTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. BLEEDING, HEMORRHAGING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. DEATH W/IN 20 DAYS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C. CURES   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. NONE KNOWN   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  D. INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS 2. HISTORY OF VIRUS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. WHERE IT STARTED   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. SCIENTISTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. HOW IT IS SPREAD   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. NON AIRBORNE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. BODILY CONTACT   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C. WHERE IT EXISTS TODAY 3. SYMPTOMS AND EFFECTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. SEVERE FEVER, ABDOMINAL PAIN   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. INSIDES â€Å"MELT†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. DEATH RATES AND TOTALS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 SURVIVORS, BUT EBOLA VIRUS AS THE CAUSE WAS NOT   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  VERIFIED 4. CURES   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. NONE KNOWN CURES, RESEARCH BEING PERFORMED ON   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MONKEYS.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ebola virus is a relatively recently discovered virus, that when it infects humans, caries with it a 50-90% fatality rate. Symptoms of this deadly virus include Sudden Fever, Weakness, Muscle Pain, Headache, Sore Throat, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Rash. Internal results include Limited Kidney Function, Limited Liver Function, and Internal and External Bleeding.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The incubation period for the Ebola virus ranges from 2 to 21 days, depending upon the method of infection. A direct inoculation of the virus into the bloodstream of a human will bring about symptoms markedly faster than other forms of less direct contact. The virus is present in the male's reproductive fluids, and can be transmitted through sexual contact for up to 7 weeks after clinical recovery from the Ebola virus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Ebola virus can be diagnosed with laboratory testing of blood specimens under maximum containment conditions - because of the high risk of infection to those handling infected blood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is currently no treatment or vaccination available for the Ebola virus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Transmission of the Ebola virus occurs by direct contact with the bodily fluids of patients infected with the virus. The handling of chimpanzees that are either ill or have died from the Ebola virus can also transmit the virus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Any suspicion of infection with the Ebola virus should be treated with extreme caution: immediate isolation from other patients and strict barrier nursing techniques must be practiced. All instruments, clothing, or biological matter must be either disposed of or thoroughly disinfected immediately.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The initial outbreaks of the Ebola virus occurred in 1976. Springing forth from unknown origins, this virus held the nations of Zaire in fear as it quickly claimed the lives of many of it's citizens. As this was the first recorded outbreak of the Ebola virus, the medical community was unsure of how to handle Ebola. The level of care in Zaire during this outbreak was very low, and as a result of the many infected victims congregated in public areas, the virus continued to spread among the denizens of Zaire. The intervening years have slowly produced scientific data on the nature of the virus - yet treatment is still

Addiction to Science Fiction

What do you think about parent's opinion about science fiction books My dear reader I will be delighted to discuss this topic with you†¦ do you think that parents would accept placing their children's minds in an imaginary world for too long that it may even affect them, would you, if you were a parent!!Science fiction is a world that is full of the writer's imagination or the producer's, and its full of imaginary creatures, such as: vampires, fairies, hosts, ghosts, and all the things that are not real, it's advantage is, expanding the imagination of the reader, when I read the science fiction book that I have, I try to live what's in the book, and for a moment I do, and if I got interrupted by someone, I just feel bothered and annoyed, but parents would say that its some kind of an addiction, which some of them think its wrong, or actually most of them, they go like † we want you to learn from the books that you can read, and we know that you are capable of reading great er books†, they underestimate it, that’s what I actually don’t agree about with parents,Because, well, I am addicted to science fiction, and it actually makes me learn some things and at the same time, I have fun because I lived what's in the book by only reading it, better than a movie, that may ruin the human's view of things, books teach (whatever the genre of the book was), movies destroy (not always but most of the time, especially this generation's movies). So I need parents to listen for their kids for once, â€Å"dear parents don’t just talk, sometimes I guess you have to listen at least for once let us give you our point of view†. Parents, tell me, do you rather give your children books that would make them hate the whole idea about reading or would you go step by step with me. Just by giving them the freedom to choose the book, know that you actually achieved your goal.Science fiction books teach, as a prove, my friend, when you ask her wh at's the goal she achieved by reading the twilight saga, she would say † I just had fun, and read, because I know that reading is important† but when you ask her about what she learned, she would say, † I learned to give my enemy a chance, because I know that there is no such a thing called enemies, but its desires that ruins the human's soul† And there is this other series VA ( vampire academy) an amazing series that me and my friend read, we had so much fun reading it, and at the same time I d like to tell you that I am actually clinging to it, more than any other book that I ever read. It's simply irresistible, and teaches to keep on standing up whenever you fall. I guess there is no harm in reading science fiction book, so don’t make it a must that we have to read realistic books, or some kind of a historical book, because it isn’t a must.My dear reader, that was my opinion, so tell me yours, but after considering my essay, I hope I reached my goal by writing this essay†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Twilight (summary) Isabella Swan leaves Phoenix, Arizona and moves to a new place in Forks, Washington to live with her dad. She does it so her mother can travel around with her baseball player husband Phil Dwyer. Bella didn’t used to stir much water in Phoenix, but after her move to Forks, she soon finds herself in the spotlight at her new school. To her astonishment and dismay many of the guys in class compete for her attention. Fork is rainy and Bella doesn’t enjoy it much – to her it’s boring and pretty lame. There is one saving grace though – Edward Cullen, the stunningly handsome guy she sits next to in Biology.As she’s trying to find out more about this mysterious man, she hears of The Cullens being un-human. Despite all the talk, Bella finds it impossible to believe there’s anything supernatural about him and his strange behavior. During Bella’s first day of school, Edward Cul len displays a strange level of tension toward her. She reasons that it’s because he doesn’t like her that much. Shortly after though, he begins to change his attitude and starts friendly talk. Then one day on a parking lot, an out of control van comes flying at Bella and is about to crush her to death when all of a sudden the van is stopped by an unknown force just before it would have squashed her against her own truck.Completely unharmed realizing she should have been dead, Bella turns her head and sees Edward, whom she saw across the parking lot just a second ago, kneeling next to her with his hand against the van. Bella looks at the hand shaped dent on the van and realizes that Edward halted speeding van with his hand. Bella didn’t tell anyone about how Edward saved her life, but when she approached him to explain how he could get to her across the lot so quickly and stops the van with his hand, he isn’t too keen to confess and refuses to comment. Th e spark between the two continues to grow despite Edwards’s attempts to avoid her. When confronted about it by her, Edward simply comes with excuses Bella is not willing to accept.However he mentions that it’s in their best interest to stay away of each other, as getting involved with her would put her in immense danger. Bella has no more doubts that Edward and the entire family of Cullens are un-human. She is hinted by her friend Jacob Black that The Cullens are a clan of vampires. When attraction between the two grows to a point that neither can be without each other, Edward reveals the truth about his family. He even tells her about his ability to read people’s minds and that he’s dumbfounded by his inability to ascertain what she is thinking. Edward and Bella fall deeply in love, despite the obvious difficulties a love between a human and a vampire presents. Edward is facing his biggest personal challenge in resisting Bella’s scent.The scent of her blood is extremely strong and desirable, and Edward is afraid that the natural instincts of a vampire he is would take over to a point that he wouldn’t be able to contain himself and would harm the woman he loves. Bella’s scent is then picked up by a tracker vampire James who sets on a mission to hunt Bella down for sport. The Cullens, who now consider Bella part of her family are determined to protect her and separate Bella from Edward, sending the girl back to Phoenix. Bella stays in a hotel and receives a phone call from James telling her he had her mom and gave her instructions on what she needs to do if she wants to see her alive.Bella surrenders herself to James, but Edward shows up and fights him. The rest of Cullens joins in to fight the tracker but he manages to bite Bella in her hand before he’s killed. Edward doesn’t want Bella to turn into a vampire and begins to suck venom infected blood from the wound. He now tastes the blood, the smell of which he found so hard to resist. He was urged to stop by his adopted father Carlisle Cullen. Bella was saved and after she’d recovered, she returned to Forks to attend prom with Edward. As the two walk into the night, Bella exposes herself and pleads with him to embrace her and turn her into one of his kind with a bite to her neck.Edward refuses, although the reason for this denial is unknown†¦ New moon Edward Cullen and Alice throw Bella an 18th birthday party. Edward is the vampire she’s deeply in love with. In attendance are the entire Cullen family, Alice, Carlisle, Emmet, Rosalie, Esme and Jasper. Bella accidentally cuts her hand with a piece of paper, this leads to a tense and somewhat violent moment. Jasper cannot control himself at the sight of her human blood and pounces upon her with the intention to feed. Edward has to protect her, an action that forces him to recognize the fact keeping Bella near his family puts her in danger. As they clean her wo unds a pivotal point in the plot occurs.As they speak, Carlisle tells of Edwards belief that Vampires lack a soul and that there is no better place than hell for them if they are killed. He speaks further, telling Bella of Edwards inner struggle, the fact that he doesn’t want to risk turning Bella into one of the damned. Edward becomes emotionally retracted as the story continues, until later his family leave Forks in an effort to reduce the risk of harm to Bella and ensure her safety. He unwittingly upsets Bella by taking the items she hold dear with him. Photographs and pictures that can be used to prove he is alive. Four long months pass, a time in which Bella enters a zombie like state.She exists but really isn’t living like she once was. Charlie is worried and tells her to wake up. To help her get through this difficult time she goes to see a movie with her friend Jessica. Upon the completion of the film she notices some guys with a striking resemblance to the sta lkers who followed her the year before. She hears Edward in her head fears for her sanity. She actually believes it’s her mind giving a wish of fulfillment. Feeling these delusions are her subconscious mind she seeks out alternative methods to trigger them. Jacob Black, her long lost friend who suffered grievous injures in Twilight makes another appearance in New Moon.Bella stumbles upon a pair of motorbikes by the road side and realizes they’re the perfect method to hear Edwards voice once again. She notices they need works and remembers Jacob unusual tendency to fix things. She takes them to see him on the back of her truck and pledge one to him should he get them running once more. Soon they become close and she begins to depend on him, he fills the void in her heart. Jacob on the other hand is romantically attracted to Bella, who is aware of this, she tells him they are simply good friends. As their friendship develops, Jacob begins to trust Bella and tells of the growing unrest and occurrences at La Push – a reservation.Jacob tells her of his fear of the leader of a group of guys by the name of Sam Uley. A close friend of his had the same feelings he was missing for a few days and upon his return had somehow joined the gang. Jacob elaborate by telling of their strange behavior and his belief they’re up to no good. He worries he too could go missing and be targeted. On an outing, Jacob feels ill and develops a strong fever. Shortly after Bella has difficulty getting in touch with him before she finds out he too has returned from his absence as a member of Sam’s gang. She goes to visit him at his house and is told that he must stay well away from her. He doesn’t explain the reason for this when she asks.After the fight and argument Jacob is feeling down and very regretful. He creeps into her room in the middle of the night and tells her what is happening. The only hint he gives her is to remember the legends he info rmed her of when first they met. Bella thinks back and remembers a story about Werewolves and Vampires. She soon realizes that Jacob and his new gang of friends are werewolves. This doesn’t sit well with Bella; there is animosity between Edward and Jacob because deep down they both love Bella. Plus they are enemies because of the natures of the kind. There is real cause for concern because of the rivalry between these two and the fact vampires and werewolves truly hate one another.The return of Victoria further complicates the situation. She wants vengeance for the death of her friend James the vampire tracker. He was slain by Jasper and Emmet following his attempt to kill Bella. As opposed to killing Edward, she feels killing his girlfriend is a fair trade. Therefore, it is down to Jacob to protect her. Jacob and his new found pack encourage Bella and her father to spend time with them at La Push where they can provide adequate protection. Bella begins to spend a lot of time on the beach. She longs to hear Edwards voice again and misses him dearly. Sick of everything she leaps off the cliff and plunges into the see where she almost dies in the hands of the ocean.Jacob comes to her rescue and tells of her friend Harry Clearwater’s plight. He is in hospital following a severe cardiac arrest. Bella immediately feels remorse for diving into the sea and returns to Jacobs’s house to rest and regain her strength. She begins to wonder what her life would bring if she left Edward and became romantically involved with Jacob. Billy, Jacobs’s dad, returns home to break the news that Harry has passed away in his sleep. Bella then gets a ride home with Jacob. On the journey she notices Carlisle’s vehicle and jumps to the conclusion that the Cullen’s have returned to Forks. Jacob rages and leaves quickly. Alice is waiting for Bella by herself.Alice tells Bella that she witnessed her fall into the sea and worries that she was committ ing suicide. Bella denies this but Alice is still unsure and wonders why then she felt the need to dive so far into the water. Jacob bumps into Bella during Alice’s visit and she sees he is still angry with her for choosing Edward over himself. During Jacobs time at the house Edward rings and masquerades as Carlisle. Jacob picks up the phone. He’s asked where Carlisle is by Edward and responds by telling him he’s at the funeral. Edward believes it’s the funeral of Bella in light of the news Alice told him. He attempts suicide. Upon news of this surfacing Bella and Alice leave for Italy to find Edward who is begging a Volturi to kill him.The Volturi deny his wishes so he attempts to enrage them by stepping into the sun and revealing the existence of Vampires to all. Bella arrives just in time and prevents Edward from following through with his threats. Shocked and confused that she is still alive and hasn’t been buried Edward shows affection toward his love. He believes these are the last few minutes the couple will ever spend together. Bella is confused; she believed Edward had no feelings toward her. The pair meets a Volturi leader by the name of Aro; he informs them that Bella must become a Vampire to preserve the secretive nature of the vampire kind. Edward vehemently disagrees but is shown conclusive proof that Bella will indeed become one of the vampire kind in the future.At first Bella is surprised and in virtual disbelief that her long lost love Edward has returned. She wonders if she actually died while leaping from the cliff and whether or not this entire episode is in fact a dream. Edward soothes her concerns and explains that he loves her and that he didn’t wish to leave her at all. He tells her it was for her own benefit and an act to protect her. After a long discussion she realizes that his love for her burns as strongly as hers for him, and that they belong with one another for all eternity. Edward is st ill unsure about turning Bella into a vampire. She sees this and takes the decision out of his control.They visit the Cullen house and start a vote over her mortality, requesting the opinion of all involved and whether they believe she should join the Vampire kind. The results are definitive, all but Edward and Rosalie feel she should become a vampire. Edward is angered but reluctantly agrees she should be turned following her graduation the following week. Carlisle is the one who they decide should perform the embrace considering the fact he’s able to maintain control in the presence of human blood. Bella isn’t happy, she would of preferred the act to be carried out by Edward but settles with whatever the Cullen’s feel is best. Edward agrees but only on the condition they marry first.During the epilogue of the story Bella reminisces and recalls her zombie like existence. She claims it was as if the previous seven months didn’t occur. Jacob returns the mo torbike to Bella in an attempt to stop Edward from seeing her, unaware that he visits her every night by creeping into her room. Charlie is incredibly angry with Bella and grounds her immediately. She isn’t fazed though, she knows with the love her life Edward by her side there is nothing she cannot achieve and that when the dust of turmoil settles everything will be perfect Eclipse This part of the story starts with the note Jake sent to Bella. It speaks of him missing her and that it changes little.Charlie blames Edward for Bella’s disappearance in New Moon as she traveled to Italy and her apparent craziness. He no longer likes Edward and shows with every ounce of his being that the vampire is welcome in the home. Seattle is also hit by a string of unsolved killings. Bella and Edward spend some time filling in college application forms and she tells Edward her plans and need to see Jacob once again. Naturally, Edward is against it, telling her werewolves are random a nd unpredictable, hurting those around them. In the meantime, Alice has a strange vision in which Bella is being hunted by a vampire. Edward hides this information from Bella and plans a trip to Florida with Charlie to see her mother out of town.Upon their return Edward is confronted by an angry Jacob, he demands to know why the return of Victoria is being kept secret to Bella and why they crossed into werewolf territory chasing Victoria. Bella is dumbfounded as Edward informs her that the trip away from Forks was for her own personal safety. Once again, Edward insists Bella's banning from seeing Jacob is to keep her safe and away from the dangerous werewolf. Bella, unbelieving insists that the pack are quite safe and that she’s never in harm’s way around Jacob. Finally, Edward yields and travels to the border with Bella where they meet Jacob and travel on to his house. During one such visit Jacob pleads his love for her and forcefully kisses her against her will. Unab le to resist his power she fights him off with all the strength she can muster.When he ceases the kiss she punches him as hard as she is able but only manages to break the bones in her delicate hands. Werewolves incidentally, are nearly as durable and tough as vampires. When Bella returns home and he learns of this Edward threatens Jacob angrily. Jacob tells Edward what occurred and they finally settle on a deal to work in unison to deal with Victoria. Later on that evening when Jacob has left, Edward and Bella decide to marry but only on the one condition that is they sleep together before she is turned into a Vampire. Edward realizes the severity in Bella’s voice and eventually agrees to try in the future but only once they have married first.Bella speaks of her concerns of what people will say and think if she marries at such a young age, this is partly confounded by her mother’s life and the fact she too married at such a young age. Spending the rest of eternity wi th Edward is of the utmost importance to her though, and when Edward proposes she quickly accepts. In an effort to keep her reluctant marriage secret she refuses to place the engagement ring on her hand. Bella soon realizes that her possessions have been stolen from her room to use for scent and locating purposes. Also, it becomes apparent that the recent killings in Seattle are being perpetrated by a coven of young vampires. Bella realizes the connection and the fact Victoria has been leading these newborns.Alice predicts an epic battle between the combined force of Cullens and Werewolves and the Victoria coven. A meeting between the Quileutes and Cullens is scheduled in the forest. During the gathering Jasper highlights and demonstrates some skills and points needed to excel in combat versus a newborn Vampire. Bella, worried Edward will be harmed asks him to stay away when the combat begins. Bella and Edward camp in the hills as the preparations for battle are made. They are soon joined by Seth and Jacob who too wait for the coming war. They use Bella’s scent and lay a trap to lead the newborns into the hands of the conjoined vampire and werewolf force.Bella enters a state of hypothermia in the freezing cold mountain conditions. Jacob taunts Edward by climbing in the sleeping bag with his girl. Bella pretends to be asleep and eavesdrops on the conversation between the vampire Edward and werewolf Jacob. Jacob speaks of his feeling towards Bella and confesses to Edward. Upon hearing this, Edward realizes that Jacob can give Bella something he can’t and the two come to an agreement. Later in morning once they have risen, Edward speaks to Bella about the engagement, Jacob, who was hiding and listening to their conversation lets out an angered and hurt howl of pain. He leaves quickly before they can catch him. Bella speaks with Edward and asks him to go and find Jacob.Upon their return Edward leaves to allow Jacob and Bella to speak. Jacob threatens to get himself killed by joining in the conflict, upon hearing her dismay and the fact she doesn’t want him to Jacob blackmails her into kissing him. He says kissing him will stop him joining the fight and getting killed. Edward returns, having overheard the entire conversation. He explains that he isn’t angry with her for having such deep feelings for Jacob. This is a fact that makes Bella even more miserable than she was before. Victoria and the newborns attack during the groups stay at the camp. The combined werewolf and vampire force completely decimate and slaughter the inexperienced newborn army.Victoria had this planned though; she skirts the fight and arrives at the camp to confront Edward and Bella alongside a newborn by the name of Riley. Edward pleads with Riley, trying to put him off the fight and explains the fact Victoria is using him. Victoria convinces Riley otherwise and he refuses to switch allegiance. A fight occurs in which Riley is killed by the L upine form of Seth and Victoria is killed by Edward. Bella watches the entire episode, causing Edward to worry for her thoughts and feelings toward him after seeing him as the unstoppable killing machine he is. She is unperturbed and throws herself into his embrace. She loves him dearly and has concerns for his safety and wellbeing alone. The war is over long before the Volturi arrive to tidy things up.Edward is reminded of his agreement to turn Bella into a vampire. Alice replies that they have set a date. Bella goes to visit Jacob who was injured in the fight. She reveals her final decision is Edward. Her love for him is far greater than anyone else alive and she hasn’t the will or desire to live another day without him around. Bella later returns home from La Push. She speaks with Edward who announces that they don’t have to marry, that Bella can have her way without completing her wishes. Bella states that she wishes to do things Edwards’s way, and they agre e to continue with the wedding first. He puts the ring on her finger and they both agree to reveal the great news to Charlie. Breaking dawnBreaking Dawn is split into three separate parts. The first part details Bella's marriage and honeymoon with Edward, which they spend on a private island off the coast of Brazil. Two weeks into their honeymoon, Bella realizes that she is pregnant and that her condition is progressing at an unnaturally accelerated rate. After contacting Carlisle, who confirms her pregnancy, she and Edward immediately return home to Forks, Washington. Edward concerned for Bella's life and convinced that the fetus is a monster as it continues to develop with unnatural rapidity, urges her to have an abortion. However, Bella feels a connection with the child and refuses.The novel's second part is written from the perspective of wolf shape-shifter Jacob Black, and lasts throughout Bella's pregnancy and childbirth. Jacob's Quileute wolf pack, not knowing what danger the unborn child may pose, plan to destroy it, also killing Bella. Jacob vehemently protests this decision and leaves, forming his own pack with Leah and Seth Clearwater. Bella soon gives birth, but the baby breaks many of her bones and she loses massive amounts of blood. In order to save her life, Edward changes her into a vampire by injecting his venom into her heart. Jacob, who was present for the birth, almost immediately â€Å"imprints†Ã¢â‚¬â€an involuntary response in which a shape-shifter finds his soul mate—on Edward and Bella's newborn daughter, Renesmee.This ends the enmity between Jacob and the Cullens, leading Edward and Jacob to regard each other as brothers. The third section of Breaking Dawn shifts back to Bella's perspective, finding her changed into a vampire and enjoying her new life and abilities. However, the vampire Irina misidentifies Renesmee as an â€Å"immortal child†, a child who has been turned into a vampire. Because â€Å"immortal chi ldren† are uncontrollable, creating them has been outlawed by the Volturi. After Irina presents her allegation to the Volturi, they plan to destroy Renesmee and the Cullens. In an attempt to survive, the Cullens gather other vampire clans from around the world to stand as witnesses and prove to the Volturi that Renesmee is not an immortal child.Upon confronting the gathered Cullen allies and witnesses, the Volturi discover that they have been misinformed and immediately execute Irina for her mistake. However, they remain undecided on whether Renesmee should be viewed as a threat to vampires' secret existence. At that time, Alice and Jasper, who had left prior to the confrontation, return with a Mapuche called Nahuel, a 150-year-old vampire-human crossbreed like Renesmee. He demonstrates that the crossbreeds pose no threat, and the Volturi surrender. Edward, Bella and Renesmee return to their home in peace. I HoPe I mAdE My PoInT —————— —– Start with an interesting beginning, or lead, to get your reader's attention.For example: if you were writing about recycling newspapers, you could open your essay by asking how many people have huge stacks of old newspapers in their garages. Let your readers know what your issue and point of view by including an opinion statement In each paragraph, give a reason that will convince your audience†¦ 1-start or end the body of your essay with a bang by arranging your reasons according to their order of importance 2-be sure that you logically support your reasons by using evidence and that you elaborate on your reasons and evidence Restate your opinion in different words, and summarize your reasons in one or two sentences. Close your essay with a call to action that tells your readers what you want them to do or with what strong closing statement.